川上氏菫菜

川上氏菫菜學名Viola formosana Hayata var. stenopetala (Hayata) Wang, Huang & Hashimoto、Viola formosana auct. non Hayata、Viola kawakamii Hayata var. stenopetala Hayata、Viola kawakamii Hayata、Viola matsudai Hayata、Viola takasagoensis Koidz.，菫菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬多年生草本植物，又稱長柄台灣菫菜，原產於台灣，是台灣菫菜的特有變種，全株被毛，有些族群全株近無毛，株高八至十五公分，根莖短，多少肉質，先端具根與葉，具暗紫紅色走莖，地上莖匍匐，長六至二十公分，節上生根，基生(根生)葉，叢生，密生成蓮座狀，葉直立或斜上昇，粗壯，葉三角狀心形、三角狀卵形，端部急尖、鈍尖，有時呈銳尖，基部心形至淺心形，鈍圓鋸齒葉緣，葉長十五至四十五公釐，寬一至四公分，厚紙質，葉面暗綠色，葉背酒紅、淺酒紅、灰綠、紫綠色，光滑無毛或背面略被白色疏毛，托葉葉狀，披針形，長三至五公釐，寬長約半公釐至一公釐，與葉柄近離生，多少為肉質，宿存，先端漸尖，邊緣具緣毛，撕裂或絲裂狀，兩側具緣毛或呈剪裂狀，葉柄長約十五公分，光滑無毛或近光滑無毛，兩性花，週位花，花單出，自基部抽出，腋生，花莖直立或下垂，細長，長五至十三公分，光滑無毛或近光滑無毛，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，對生或互生，線狀披針形，長四至六公釐，被毛或無毛，基部具細齒狀，花萼紅褐色，五深裂，裂片披針形，長約五、六公釐，被毛或無毛，基部具附屬物，覆瓦狀排列，花萼宿存，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，開放時徑二十至二十五公釐，花白、淺紫、紫紅色，帶暗條紋，花瓣五枚，不整齊，上瓣橢圓狀倒卵形，先端圓形，稀淺裂，無斑紋，長十至十三公釐，寬約五公釐，先端鈍或圓，無鬚毛，側瓣橢圓狀倒卵形，先端圓形，淺裂，長十三、十四公釐，寬約六公釐，基半部具有紫色脈紋，基部無白色鬚毛，唇瓣(下位花瓣)最大，闊倒卵形，長約十三公釐，寬約八公釐，先端凹頭或淺二裂，深二、三公釐，基半部具有紫色脈紋，基部漸狹，有距，距細長，圓柱形，長五至七公釐，先端鈍，雄蕊五枚，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，內生雄蕊背部有距，環生雌蕊，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱厚，棍棒狀，長一、二公釐，先端略成裂片狀，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，鈍三角狀橢圓形、橢圓形，長約八公釐，寬約二至四公釐，光滑無毛，熟時三瓣裂，種子卵形，長約一公釐，寬不足一公釐，褐色。

「堇」與「菫」二字，《異體字字典》說「菫」字是「堇」字之異體字，《漢典》說「菫」是訛字，《國語辭典》捨正體字而就異體字，各家說法不一，故「堇」與「菫」應均可採用。

「菫菜屬」種檢索表：
A.花黃色(葉腎形至闊卵形，先端圓或鈍，生長於高海拔)。…■雙黃花菫菜
A.花紫紅色或白色。
▁B.植物體無莖或走莖，托葉一半以上與葉柄合生。
▁▁C.托葉不足2/3部份與葉柄合生，地下莖長，具節(葉三角狀卵形)。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁C.托葉超過3/4部份與葉柄合生，地下莖粗短。
▁▁▁D.根暗褐色。…■紫花地丁
▁▁▁D.根白色或淡黃褐色。
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距細長，長2.5-6mm。…■短毛菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距短，僅長達3.5mm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基楔形、平截或略鈍形，前半部疏圓齒緣。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基心形至心形狀平截形，前半部圓齒緣。…■小菫菜
▁B.植物體具莖或走莖。
▁▁C.葉柄具翼(基部中央花瓣最短，先端銳尖或具小突尖)。
▁▁▁D.植物體具莖及走莖，花直徑小於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉基楔形或淺心形。…■茶匙黃
▁▁▁▁E.葉基心形。…■心葉茶匙黃
▁▁▁D.植物體無莖，花直徑大於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉卵形。…■台北菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.葉三角狀卵形。…■普萊氏菫菜
▁▁C.葉柄無翼。
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端平截平或凹。
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑小於1.5cm。…■如意草
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑大於2cm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距細長，長於4mm，底部中央花瓣片最長(其先端凹)。
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉圓形圓心形，先端圓或鈍。…■台灣菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉心形，先端銳尖。…■川上氏菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距圓短，短於2mm，底部中央花瓣片最短(其先端平截或凹)。…■喜岩菫菜
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端圓或鈍。
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端具乳狀突起，果球形。…■新竹菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端平滑，果橢圓形。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉心形，常近圓形。…■紫花菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉三角狀卵形。…■翠峰菫菜

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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