黑傑克三色堇

黑傑克三色堇學名Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'，菫菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬一年生至多年生草本植物，又稱黑杰克三色堇，園藝栽培種，大花三色堇系列品種之一，植株矮小，株高約十至三十公分，莖直立或匍匐生長，伸長，略具毛茸或光滑無毛，多分枝，從根際生出分枝，具根生葉與莖生葉，葉形與大小變化大，根生葉叢生狀，葉近圓心形至卵形，莖生葉單葉互生，葉卵狀長橢圓形、卵狀長圓形、寬披針形、披針形，端部鈍或銳尖狀，基部鈍至心形，葉緣圓鈍鋸齒、波狀淺裂，紙質，葉面綠至深綠色，光亮平滑，羽狀脈，於兩面隆起，側脈不明顯，托葉大，似葉狀，羽狀裂，尤以基生葉為然，與葉柄離生或合生，宿存，葉柄短至細長，光滑無毛或近無毛，兩性花，週位花，花單生或總狀花序，頂生或腋生，花梗長六至十公分，直立或近直立，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，花萼管形、鐘形，萼片五枚，披針形或卵狀披針形，長七至二十公釐，寬四至十五公釐，先端鈍或銳尖，覆瓦狀排列，宿存，基部具附屬物，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，花徑三至六公分，花黑、黑紫色，花心黃色，無香味，花瓣五枚，卵形、闊卵形、近圓形，長二十五至四十公釐，寬二十至四十公釐，先端鈍至圓狀，有時波狀緣，假面狀，覆瓦狀排列，唇瓣一枚，先端多凹頭，具距，距短而鈍，側瓣二枚，瓣內具鬚毛或無，距長約二、三公釐，約為花萼附屬物之二倍，上瓣二枚，雄蕊五枚，環生雌蕊，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱棍棒狀，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，球形至橢圓形，長七至十一公釐，徑約三至五公釐，熟時三瓣裂，裂瓣舟形，種子多枚，徑約二、三公釐，黃褐色。

「黑傑克三色堇」與「黑精靈三色堇」兩者均為黑色花瓣，「黑傑克三色堇」應是大花三色堇系列，而「黑精靈三色堇」則為小花三色堇系列。

大花三色堇學名Viola × wittrockiana Hort.、Viola wittrockiana，英文名Heartsease、Pansy Violet、Pansy，菫菜科(堇菜)堇菜(菫菜)屬一年生至多年生草本植物，又稱蝴葉梅、蝴蝶梅、蝴蝶花、蛺蝶花、遊蝶花、陽蝶花、香菫花、香堇花、鬼臉花、鬼面花、人臉花、人面花、貓臉花、貓兒臉、孩兒臉、三色紫羅蘭、紫羅蘭、三色菫、三色堇、三色菫菜、大花三色菫、阿拉葉尼勒其其格，園藝栽培種，雜交育成，原生種產於歐洲中北部、亞洲北部，植株矮小，株高約十至三十公分，莖直立或匍匐生長，伸長，略具毛茸或光滑無毛，多分枝，從根際生出分枝，具根生葉與莖生葉，葉形與大小變化大，根生葉叢生狀，葉近圓心形至卵形，莖生葉單葉互生，葉卵狀長橢圓形、卵狀長圓形、寬披針形、披針形，端部鈍或銳尖狀，基部鈍至心形，葉緣圓鈍鋸齒、波狀淺裂，紙質，葉面綠至深綠色，光亮平滑，羽狀脈，於兩面隆起，側脈不明顯，托葉大，似葉狀，羽狀裂，尤以基生葉為然，與葉柄離生或合生，宿存，葉柄短至細長，光滑無毛或近無毛，兩性花，週位花，花單生或總狀花序，頂生或腋生，花梗長六至十公分，直立或近直立，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，花萼管形、鐘形，萼片五枚，披針形或卵狀披針形，長七至二十公釐，寬四至十五公釐，先端鈍或銳尖，覆瓦狀排列，宿存，基部具附屬物，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，花徑三至六公分，可長達十公分，色彩多，有紅、藍、白、黃、紫...等色，或雙色、混色、色斑塊鑲嵌...等，無香味，花瓣五枚，卵形、闊卵形、近圓形，長二十五至四十公釐，寬二十至四十公釐，先端鈍至圓狀，有時波狀緣，假面狀，覆瓦狀排列，唇瓣一枚，唇瓣與側瓣具豔麗色彩，基部常具大斑塊，先端多凹頭，具距，距短而鈍，側瓣二枚，瓣內具鬚毛或無，基部常具大斑塊，距長約二、三公釐，約為花萼附屬物之二倍，上瓣二枚，雄蕊五枚，環生雌蕊，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱棍棒狀，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，球形至橢圓形，長七至十一公釐，徑約三至五公釐，熟時三瓣裂，裂瓣舟形，種子多枚，徑約二、三公釐，黃褐色。

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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