台灣菫菜

台灣菫菜學名Viola formosana Hayata、Viola arisanensis W. Becker、Viola formosana Hayata var. formosana.、Viola formosana Hayata var. tozanensis (Hayata) Hsieh、Viola formosana var. tozanansis (Hayata) Hsieh、Viola nagasawai Makino &Hayata var. nagasawai.、Viola tozanensis Hayata，菫菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬多年生草本植物，又稱台灣茶匙癀、茶匙癀、塔山菫菜，原產於台灣，根莖短，多少肉質，無莖，具走莖，節上生根，根生葉直立或斜上昇，叢生，密生蓮座狀，近無莖生葉，莖生葉單葉互生，葉闊心形、心狀三角形，端部圓或鈍狀，基部心形至淺心形，葉緣鈍鋸齒，葉長一至四公分，寬一至三公分，厚紙質，葉上表面暗綠色，葉背面酒紅至淺酒紅色，光滑無毛或背面略有毛茸，掌狀脈，細脈網狀，托葉葉狀，披針形，長三至五公釐，寬約一公釐，先端漸尖，邊緣撕裂或絲狀，與葉柄離生或合生，宿存，葉柄圓柱形，多少肉質，長二至七公分，光滑無毛或近光滑無毛，葉柄無翼，兩性花，週位花，花單生，腋生，花莖直立或下垂，細長，長五至十三公分，光滑無毛或近光滑無毛，小苞片二枚，具花托筒，萼片五枚，披針形，長約三至六公釐，寬約一、二公釐，先端漸尖，光滑無毛，宿存，覆瓦狀排列，基部具附屬物，附屬物四邊形，長一、二公釐，寬亦同，光滑無毛，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，開放時徑約二十至二十四公釐，花紅、紫紅、淡紫、白色，帶有條紋，花瓣五枚，不整齊，後花瓣及側花瓣卵形至卵狀楔形，長十至十三公釐，寬三、四公釐，先端鈍或圓狀，無鬚毛，下位之唇瓣最大，楔形，長十五至十七公釐，寬四、五公釐，先端凹頭或淺二裂，基部漸狹，有距，距細長，圓柱形，長五至七公釐，先端鈍，內生雄蕊背部有距，雄蕊五枚，相互緊靠，圍繞子房，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱棍棒狀，花柱厚，長一、二公釐，先端略裂片狀，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，球形至橢圓形，長四至七公釐，寬二至四公釐，光滑無毛，熟時三瓣裂，種子卵形，長約一、二公釐。

「堇」與「菫」二字，《異體字字典》說「菫」字是「堇」字之異體字，《漢典》說「菫」是訛字，《國語辭典》捨正體字而就異體字，各家說法不一，故「堇」與「菫」應均可採用。

「菫菜屬」種檢索表：
A.花黃色(葉腎形至闊卵形，先端圓或鈍，生長於高海拔)。…■雙黃花菫菜
A.花紫紅色或白色。
▁B.植物體無莖或走莖，托葉一半以上與葉柄合生。
▁▁C.托葉不足2/3部份與葉柄合生，地下莖長，具節(葉三角狀卵形)。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁C.托葉超過3/4部份與葉柄合生，地下莖粗短。
▁▁▁D.根暗褐色。…■紫花地丁
▁▁▁D.根白色或淡黃褐色。
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距細長，長2.5-6mm。…■短毛菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距短，僅長達3.5mm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基楔形、平截或略鈍形，前半部疏圓齒緣。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基心形至心形狀平截形，前半部圓齒緣。…■小菫菜
▁B.植物體具莖或走莖。
▁▁C.葉柄具翼(基部中央花瓣最短，先端銳尖或具小突尖)。
▁▁▁D.植物體具莖及走莖，花直徑小於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉基楔形或淺心形。…■茶匙黃
▁▁▁▁E.葉基心形。…■心葉茶匙黃
▁▁▁D.植物體無莖，花直徑大於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉卵形。…■台北菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.葉三角狀卵形。…■普萊氏菫菜
▁▁C.葉柄無翼。
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端平截平或凹。
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑小於1.5cm。…■如意草
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑大於2cm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距細長，長於4mm，底部中央花瓣片最長(其先端凹)。
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉圓形圓心形，先端圓或鈍。…■台灣菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉心形，先端銳尖。…■川上氏菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距圓短，短於2mm，底部中央花瓣片最短(其先端平截或凹)。…■喜岩菫菜
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端圓或鈍。
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端具乳狀突起，果球形。…■新竹菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端平滑，果橢圓形。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉心形，常近圓形。…■紫花菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉三角狀卵形。…■翠峰菫菜

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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