小花三色堇

小花三色堇學名Viola × cornuta、Viola × williamsii Wittr.，英文名Horned Pansy、Horned Violet、Viola、Tufted Pansy，堇菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬一、二年生草本植物，又稱小三色堇、小花三色菫、小三色菫、小臉花、人臉花，園藝栽培種，原生種產於歐洲，雜交育成，最初由角堇菜(Viola cornuta)與大花三色堇(Viola × wittrockiana)雜交形成，亦有小花三色堇、黃堇菜、大花三色堇之雜交品種，回交培育品種亦屬於小花三色堇，株高十至四十公分，植株直立或稍傾，根莖短，淡褐色，密生結節，近無莖或短莖，具稜，無枝或多分枝，常有匍匐枝，匍匐枝長狀，光滑無毛，單葉，具基生葉與莖生葉，莖生葉單葉互生，稀少，基生葉叢生狀，葉近心形、心狀卵形、卵形、腎形、長圓形、披針形、長披針形，端部鈍圓至銳尖狀，基部圓至心形，葉緣圓鈍齒或鈍疏齒，略淺波浪狀，葉長二至四公分，寬二至五公分，莖生葉較狹長些，葉紙質，葉表面暗綠色，葉背淡綠色，兩面具疏短柔毛或近無毛，托葉卵狀披針形，長一至四公分，葉狀，先端漸尖，邊緣細絲裂狀或羽狀深裂，宿存，葉柄長三至七公分，下部葉葉柄較短，圓柱形，光滑無毛，兩性花，週位花，花單生或總狀花序，常三至十枚簇生，花頂生，花梗抽自於根莖，細長狀，長四至九公分，光滑無毛，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，對生，三角卵形，花萼管形、鐘形，綠色，先端五裂，裂片長披針形、披針形、圓形、長圓狀卵形，長五至八公釐，寬一至三公釐，先端銳尖、漸尖、鈍圓，光滑無毛，邊緣莢膜質，覆瓦狀排列，基部具附屬物，附屬物小，長一、二公釐，邊緣不齊，花萼宿存，花冠蝶形，開展狀，呈圓形，左右對稱，開放時徑二、三公分，有香味，花色豐富，有紫紅、粉紅、橙、深橘、亮黃、淡黃、白、絨紫、淺紫、粉藍、玫瑰紅...等色或雜色混合，花瓣五枚，近整齊，圓形、卵圓形，長八至十二公釐，寬三至五公釐，邊緣略波狀，先端鈍圓，側瓣二枚，側瓣內具鬚毛或無，基部之唇瓣一枚，圓形、闊卵形，一般有有條紋，先端鈍或略凹狀，具距，距圓柱形，長六、七公釐，短而直，先端鈍，上瓣二枚，雄蕊五枚，相互緊靠，花藥二室，上方花藥之上方具膜質附屬物，下方花藥常具距，環生雌蕊，圍繞子房，下方二枚基部具腺體，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱短，基部膝曲明顯，花柱棍棒狀，柱頭球狀膨大，先端具較大柱頭孔，子房無毛，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，三枚，蒴果，球形、橢圓形，長七至十一公釐，徑三、四公釐，無毛或被短柔毛，熟時三瓣裂，裂瓣舟形，種子約十枚，徑約二、三公釐，黃褐色。

「小花三色堇」因氣味香甜，在台灣園藝花卉市場常誤稱為「香堇菜」，這是錯誤鑑識，「小花三色堇(Viola × cornuta)」與「香堇菜(Viola odorata)」外貌相去甚遠。

台灣早期常將「大花三色堇」與「小花三色堇」均稱之「三色堇」，「小臉花、人臉花」常是「大花三色堇」、「小花三色堇」兩者的別名。

有些研究認為「小花三色堇」是Viola tricolor(三色堇)，Viola tricolor(三色堇)與「小花三色堇」相似，因「小花三色堇」是雜交育成，或許Viola tricolor(三色堇)是作為親本之一，例如：Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'。

「堇」與「菫」二字，《異體字字典》說「菫」字是「堇」字之異體字，《漢典》說「菫」是訛字，《國語辭典》捨正體字而就異體字，各家說法不一，故「堇」與「菫」應均可採用。

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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