腎葉堇

腎葉堇學名Viola banksii K. R. Thiele & Prober、Viola hederacea Labill.，英文名Australian Violet、Ivy Leaved Violet、Trailing Violet、Tasmanian Trailing Violet，菫菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬多年生草本植物，又稱腎葉菫、熊貓菫、蔦菫、蔓菫、澳洲三色菫、熊貓堇、蔦堇、蔓堇、澳洲三色堇、腎葉菫菜、腎葉堇菜、常春藤葉堇菜，原產於澳洲、塔司馬尼亞島、馬來半島，有園藝栽培育成，如：'Baby Blue'、'Blue Form'、'White Glory'...等，莖匍匐性，綠色，根生葉，叢生狀，葉腎形，端部圓鈍，基部心狀，葉緣疏鋸齒，葉面綠、翠綠色，光滑，掌狀脈，明顯，細脈網狀，托葉小，葉狀，與葉柄離生或合生，宿存，葉柄細長，兩性花，週位花，花單生，腋生，花莖細長，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，萼片五枚，基部具附屬物，覆瓦狀排列 ，宿存，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，花邊緣白色，基部藍紫色，有栽培出'Baby Blue'(淺藍色)、'White Glory'(白色)、'Blue Form'(藍色)...之園藝品種，花瓣五枚，底部中央之唇瓣較大，具距，除唇瓣外，其餘花瓣易反折，雄蕊五枚，相互緊靠，圍繞子房，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，上方具膜質附屬物，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱棍棒狀，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，熟時三瓣裂。

有專家認為Viola hederacea(常春藤葉堇菜)與Viola banksii(腎葉菫)是不同品種，未釐清之前，本文將視為同種來處理。

「堇」與「菫」二字，《異體字字典》說「菫」字是「堇」字之異體字，《漢典》說「菫」是訛字，《國語辭典》捨正體字而就異體字，各家說法不一，故「堇」與「菫」應均可採用。

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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