長穗木

長穗木學名Stachytarpheta urticaefolia (Salisb.) Sims.、Cymburus urticifolius Salisb.、Zappania urticifolia (Salisb.) Poir.，馬鞭草科長穗木(假馬鞭、木馬鞭、馬鞭)屬多年生常綠亞灌木或草本植物，又稱馬鞭草、假馬鞭草、大種馬鞭草、大蘭草、大藍草、久佳草、名佳草、耳鉤草、鐵索草、蛇尾草、藍花獅邊草、獅邊草、萬靈草、四稜草、假馬鞭、玉龍鞭、玉郎鞭、木馬鞭、鐵馬鞭、倒困蛇、倒團蛇、假敗仗、假敗醬、猿尾木、紫花長穗木、倒扣藤、長柄菊，原產於熱帶美洲，株高約一、二公尺，莖基部稍木質化，不具分枝或二歧狀分枝，伸展，莖多呈四方形，無毛或略被毛，幼枝或節常被毛，單葉對生，偶互生，葉菱狀卵形、卵形、長橢圓狀卵形、長橢圓形、橢圓形、橢圓狀長圓形，端部尖狀、銳尖，有時圓形，基部楔狀、寬楔形，略歪斜，並向下延伸至葉柄，葉緣上半部細至粗鋸齒，齒尖朝前而呈鋸齒狀，齒數較少，下半部近全緣，葉長約三至九公分，寬約一至五公分，紙質、厚紙質，葉面綠、暗綠、灰綠、藍綠色，有時有黑色斑塊，有光澤，葉背面帶淡綠色，主脈有時略呈紫紅色，兩面光滑無毛，脈上近無毛或略被疏短硬毛，羽狀脈，葉脈明顯，於表面凹入而於背面隆起，表面皺摺，新葉近軸面無泡狀隆起之細皺，側脈每邊三至六條，細脈明顯，無托葉，葉柄長七至十公釐，可達至三公分，有時具翅，光滑無毛，兩性花，不整齊花，穗狀花序，頂生，花序軸細長，長可達二十五至五十二公分，直徑約四至六公釐，圓形，肥大，粗壯感，伸長狀，直立，光滑無毛，由底部往上開花，花單生於花序軸苞腋內，一半嵌生於花序軸之凹穴中，無花梗，苞片鑿形、卵狀披針形，長約五、六公釐，寬約二、三公釐，頂端漸尖呈芒狀，具乾膜質邊緣，具顯著緣毛，花萼狹筒形、管狀，壓扁，長約五、六公釐，寬約二公釐，膜質，管壁薄，先端四齒裂，不規則，呈三角形，外具四肋(四稜角)，先端銳尖，花萼宿存，花冠高腳碟狀、闊漏斗形、盆形，兩側對稱，開放時徑五至八公釐，長約八至十一公釐，花藍、深藍、淡藍、淡藍紫色，稀白色者，花冠喉部白色，花冠管圓筒狀，纖細，略彎曲，冠簷寬九至十二公釐，內面上部有腺毛，先端五裂，不齊，上裂片二枚略大，圓形，寬五、六公釐，下裂片三枚略小，裂片卵形、寬橢圓形，長與寬約四公釐，先端鈍，喉部被毛，發育雄蕊二枚，前方，著生於花冠管中部(花喉處)，內藏，不伸出於外，花絲長約一公釐，寬不足半公釐，離生，花藥闊卵形，二室，縱裂，退化雄蕊二枚，雌蕊心皮二枚，合生，花柱細長，長約一、二公釐，內藏，凸狀，不挺出花冠外，柱頭闊，子房平滑，子房上位，子房二室，中軸胎座，每室各具胚珠一枚，蒴果，長橢圓形，長約四公釐，寬約半公釐，膜質宿存花萼包被，埋於花軸，熟時二瓣裂，分裂為二枚分果，種子二枚，每瓣一枚，種子緊貼果皮。

據專家研究，Stachytarpheta urticaefolia(長穗木)與Stachytarpheta jamaicensis(牙買加長穗木)係不同品種。

「長穗木(Stachytarpheta urticifolia)」與「藍蝶猿尾木(Stachytarpheta cayennensis)」花相似，判別方法：「藍蝶猿尾木」的葉片較大，葉脈較淺(比較不明顯)，雌蕊短於雄蕊，「長穗木」的雌蕊長於雄蕊。

長穗木(Stachytarpheta urticaefolia)的一些別名常與同屬的其他品種混稱。

長穗木(Stachytarpheta)屬常見之品種有：
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta acuminata
Stachytarpheta ajugifolia
Stachytarpheta alata
Stachytarpheta albiflora
Stachytarpheta almasensis
Stachytarpheta amplexicaulis
Stachytarpheta andersonii
Stachytarpheta angolensis
Stachytarpheta arenaria
Stachytarpheta atriflora
Stachytarpheta australi(南假馬鞭)
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta bicolor
Stachytarpheta boldinghii
Stachytarpheta brasiliensis
Stachytarpheta bromleyana
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta caatingensis
Stachytarpheta cajamarcensis
Stachytarpheta calderonii
Stachytarpheta candida
Stachytarpheta canescens
Stachytarpheta cassiae
Stachytarpheta cayennensis(藍蝶猿尾木)
Stachytarpheta cearensis
Stachytarpheta coccinea
Stachytarpheta commutata
Stachytarpheta confertifolia
Stachytarpheta crassifolia
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta dawsonii
Stachytarpheta diamantinensis
Stachytarpheta discolor
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta elegans
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta fallax
Stachytarpheta frantzii
Stachytarpheta friedrichsthalii
Stachytarpheta froesii
Stachytarpheta fruticosa
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta galactea
Stachytarpheta ganevii
Stachytarpheta gesnerioides
Stachytarpheta glabra
Stachytarpheta glandulosa
Stachytarpheta glauca
Stachytarpheta glazioviana
Stachytarpheta grisea
Stachytarpheta guedesii
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta harleyi
Stachytarpheta hassleri
Stachytarpheta hatschbachii
Stachytarpheta hintonii
Stachytarpheta hirsutissima
Stachytarpheta hispida
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta indica(印度蛇草、印度假馬鞭)
Stachytarpheta indica 'Blue Porter Weed'
Stachytarpheta integrifolia
Stachytarpheta itambensis
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis(牙買加長穗木)
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 'Indica'(印度蛇草、印度假馬鞭)
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 'Variegata'(灑金長穗木)
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta kingii
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta lactea
Stachytarpheta lacunosa
Stachytarpheta laevis
Stachytarpheta lanata
Stachytarpheta linearis
Stachytarpheta longiflora
Stachytarpheta longispicata
Stachytarpheta lopez-palacii
Stachytarpheta luisana
Stachytarpheta lundellae
Stachytarpheta lychnitis
Stachytarpheta lythrophylla
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta macedoi
Stachytarpheta marginata
Stachytarpheta martiana
Stachytarpheta matogrossensis
Stachytarpheta maximiliani
Stachytarpheta mexiae
Stachytarpheta microphylla
Stachytarpheta miniacea
Stachytarpheta monachinoi
Stachytarpheta mutabilis(紅花長穗木)
Stachytarpheta mutabilis var. mutabilis(原變種 粉花長穗木)
Stachytarpheta mutabilis var. violacea
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta orubica
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta pachystachya
Stachytarpheta paraguariensis
Stachytarpheta peruviana
Stachytarpheta petenensis
Stachytarpheta piranii
Stachytarpheta pohliana
Stachytarpheta polyura
Stachytarpheta procumbens
Stachytarpheta puberula
Stachytarpheta pycnodonta
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta quadrangula
Stachytarpheta quirosana
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta radlkoferiana
Stachytarpheta restingensis
Stachytarpheta reticulata
Stachytarpheta rhomboidalis
Stachytarpheta rivularis
Stachytarpheta robinsoniana
Stachytarpheta rupestris
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta sanguinea
Stachytarpheta scaberrima
Stachytarpheta schottiana
Stachytarpheta sellowiana
Stachytarpheta sericea
Stachytarpheta sessilis
Stachytarpheta simplex
Stachytarpheta spathulata
Stachytarpheta speciosa
Stachytarpheta sprucei
Stachytarpheta stannardii
Stachytarpheta steyermarkii
Stachytarpheta straminea
Stachytarpheta strigosa
Stachytarpheta subincisa
Stachytarpheta svensonii
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta tabascana
Stachytarpheta trimeni
Stachytarpheta trinitensis
Stachytarpheta trispicata
Stachytarpheta tuberculata
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta urticifolia(長穗木、紫花長穗木)
Stachytarpheta urticifolia 'Variegata'(灑金長穗木)
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta velutina
Stachytarpheta villosa
Stachytarpheta violacea
Stachytarpheta viscidula
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta weberbaueri
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta × abortiva
Stachytarpheta × adulterina
Stachytarpheta × debilis
Stachytarpheta × gracilis
Stachytarpheta × hybrida
Stachytarpheta × intercedens
Stachytarpheta × trimenii
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stachytarpheta 'Red Compacta'
-------------------------------------------------------------