孔雀紫苑

孔雀紫苑學名Aster tataricus L. f. cv.，英文名Aster Species、Tatarian Aster、Wild Aster、Michaelmas Daisy、New York Aster，菊科紫菀(雞兒腸、紫苑、馬蘭、狗娃花)屬屬多年生草本植物，又稱紫孔雀、粉紫孔雀、孔雀菊、孔雀草、紫苑、紫菀、紫苑花、紫菀花、紫倩、紫蒨、紫菀茸、辮紫苑、軟紫苑、青菀、軟紫菀、還魂草、返魂草、驢夾板菜、驢耳朵菜、山白菜、青牛舌頭花、小辮、夜牽牛、米迦勒節菊，園藝栽培種，孔雀紫苑係指紫菀之園藝栽培種，有栽培出數品種，非指單一品種，宿根性，株高七十至一百五十公分，可達一百八十公分，徑約一公分，根莖短，鬚根多數，簇生，外皮灰褐色，莖直立，有高莖、矮性低莖品種之分，粗壯，有縱條紋，被硬毛或下部脫落無毛，上部分枝，表面有溝槽，少分枝，基部略木質化，具基生葉與莖生葉，基生葉叢生，基生葉與下部葉於花期枯萎脫落，莖生葉單葉互生，基生葉篦狀長橢圓形、橢圓狀披針形、長橢圓形，端部漸尖、鈍尖，基部漸狹，下延成長翼狀之柄，葉緣缺刻狀粗鋸齒、細鋸齒，莖生葉狹長橢圓形、橢圓形、橢圓狀匙形、長圓形、披針狀長圓形、披針形，端部尖狀，常帶小尖頭，中部以下漸狹縮成一狹長基部，莖上部葉線形，常全緣葉，反捲，基生葉長二十至五十公分，寬六至十二公分，莖生葉較狹小，長四至三十五公分，寬一至十三公分，葉面綠、灰綠、暗綠色，背面淡綠色，兩面疏被伏貼短糙毛與腺體，羽狀脈，中脈於葉背凸起，側脈六至十對，不具托葉，基生葉葉柄常帶翅，上部葉具短葉柄或近無葉柄，單性花、兩性花，頭狀花序，輻射對稱，頂生，密集生於莖頂，頭花直徑二至五公分，頭花有單瓣、重瓣之分，頭花數枚，再排列成繖房狀，頭花梗長，梗上密被剛毛，花序托蜂窩狀，邊緣不整齊，膜質，總苞半球形，苞片三層，線形、線狀披針形、長圓狀披針形，草質，綠色，有時微帶紫色，被短糙毛與緣毛，外層較短，先端通常急尖，外圍舌狀花是雌花，花萼筒成鬚狀，花冠舌狀，花淡紫、藍紫色，有栽培出淺紅、白、紫、藍..等色品種，花冠長十五至十八公釐，基部呈管狀，先端不明顯三淺齒裂，裂片(花瓣)合生，中央管狀花是兩性花，花萼退化，花冠管狀，長約六公釐，花黃色，頂端有時紫褐色，先端五齒裂，裂片(花瓣)合生，等形，有多數近等長之細糙毛，雄蕊五枚，花藥二室，細長，基部鈍，通常全緣，縱裂，外露，聚合，包圍花柱，雌蕊心皮二枚，合生，花柱一枚，細長，外露，分枝附片披針形或三角形，有近等長之細糙毛或有膜片，柱頭二叉，子房下位，子房一室，底生胎座，瘦果，長圓形、倒卵圓形、倒卵狀長圓形，長約三公釐，扁平或兩面稍凸，常一側彎曲，有二邊肋，褐色，通常散生伏貼硬短毛或具腺體，果頂具冠毛，宿存，冠毛白、灰白、淡黃白、淡褐、紅褐色，較瘦果長三、四倍。

孔雀紫苑依白、粉、藍紫...顏色，有稱白孔雀、粉孔雀、紫孔雀...等，矮性分枝少者，另稱「友禪菊」。

紫菀(Aster)屬常見之品種有：
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Aster ageratoides(山白蘭、三脈紫菀)
Aster ageratoides var. adustus(野粉團兒)
Aster ageratoides var. angustifolius(小紫菀)
Aster ageratoides var. ovatus(野紺菊、紺菊)
Aster aitchisonii
Aster alatipes(翼柄紫菀)
Aster albanicus
Aster albescens(小舌紫菀)
Aster alpinus(高山紫菀)
Aster altaicus(台東鐵桿蒿)
Aster amellus(雅美紫菀)
Aster ananthocladus
Aster andicola
Aster andohahelensis
Aster aragonensis
Aster arenosus
Aster argyropholis(銀鱗紫菀)
Aster asa-grayi(華南狗娃花、磯野菊)
Aster asteroides(星舌紫菀)
Aster auriculatus(耳葉紫菀)
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Aster baccharoides(白舌紫菀)
Aster bakerianus
Aster barbatus
Aster barbellatus(髯毛紫菀)
Aster baronii
Aster batangensis(巴塘紫菀)
Aster bietii Franch. 線舌紫菀
Aster bipinnatisectus(重羽紫菀)
Aster blepharophyllus
Aster brachytrichu(短毛紫菀)
Aster brevis(短莖紫菀)
Aster bulleyanus(扁毛紫菀)
Aster blepharophyllus
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Aster carolinianus
Aster chimanimaniensis(清水馬蘭)
Aster colchicus
Aster comptonii
Aster confertifolius
Aster creticus
Aster curtus
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Aster diplostephioides(重冠紫菀)
Aster dolichophyllus(長葉紫菀)
Aster dolichopodus(長梗紫菀)
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Aster erucifolius
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Aster falcifolius(鐮葉紫菀)
Aster falconeri
Aster fanjingshanicus
Aster farreri(狹苞紫菀)
Aster fastigiatus(女菀)
Aster filipes
Aster flaccidus(萎軟紫菀)
Aster formosanus(台灣山白蘭、台岩紫菀)
Aster frutescens
Aster fulgidulus(輝葉紫菀)
Aster fuscescens(褐毛紫菀)
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Aster giraldii(秦中紫菀)
Aster glehnii(胡麻菜)
Aster gracilicaulis(細莖紫菀)
Aster grisebachii
Aster gymnocephalus
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Aster handelii(紅冠紫菀)
Aster harveyanus
Aster hayatae
Aster heliopsis
Aster hersileoides(橫斜紫菀)
Aster heterolepis(異苞紫菀)
Aster himalaicus(須彌紫菀)
Aster hispidus(狗娃花)
Aster hololachnus(全茸紫菀)
Aster homochlamydeus(等苞紫菀)
Aster hunanensis(湖南紫菀)
Aster hypoleucus(白背紫菀)
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Aster iinumae(柚香菊)
Aster incisa(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster incisa 'Blue Star'
Aster indamellus(葉苞紫菀)
Aster indicus(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster indicus 'Blue Star'(藍星馬蘭)
Aster intricatus
Aster ionoglossus(堇舌紫菀)
Aster itsunboshi(大武山紫菀、大埔紫菀)
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Aster jeffreyanus(滇西北紫菀)
Aster juchaihu
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Aster kantoensis
Aster koraiensis
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Aster laevigatus
Aster laka
Aster langaoensis
Aster lanuginosus(棉毛紫菀)
Aster lasiocladus(絨山白蘭)
Aster latibracteatus(寬苞紫菀)
Aster lavanduliifolius(線葉紫菀)
Aster leiophyllus(白花馬蘭)
Aster likiangensis(麗江紫菀)
Aster limosus(濕生紫菀)
Aster lingulatus(舌葉紫菀)
Aster linosyris(麻菀)
Aster lipskyi(青海紫菀)
Aster luzonensis
Aster lydenburgensis
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Aster maackii(圓苞紫菀)
Aster madagascariensis
Aster magnus
Aster mandrarensis
Aster mangshanensis(莽山紫菀)
Aster megalanthus(大花紫菀)
Aster menelii(黔中紫菀)
Aster microcephalus
Aster milanjiensis
Aster miyagii
Aster molliusculus(軟毛紫菀)
Aster morrisonensis(玉山紫菀、玉山鐵桿蒿)
Aster motuoensis
Aster moupinsensis(鄂紫菀)
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Aster neo-elegans(新雅紫菀)
Aster nigromontanus(黑山紫菀)
Aster nitidus
Aster novae-angliae
Aster novae-angliae 'Purple Dome'
Aster novi-belgii(友禪菊)
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Aster oblongifolius
Aster oldhamii(台灣狗娃花)
Aster oleifolius
Aster oreophilus(石生紫菀)
Aster ovalifolius(台灣紺菊、卵葉紫菀)
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Aster panduratus(琴葉紫菀)
Aster patulus
Aster peduncularis
Aster peglerae
Aster perfoliatus
Aster philippinensis
Aster platylepis
Aster pleiocephalus
Aster poliothamnus(灰枝紫菀)
Aster polius(灰毛紫菀)
Aster prainii(厚棉紫菀)
Aster prorerus(高莖紫菀)
Aster pseudobakerianus
Aster pseudo-Asa-Grayi Mak(磯寒菊)
Aster pubentior
Aster punctatus
Aster pycnophyllus(密葉紫菀)
Aster pyrenaeus
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Aster quitensis
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Aster retusus(凹葉紫菀)
Aster riparius
Aster rockianus(騰越紫菀)
Aster rugulosus(澤白菊)
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Aster saboureaui
Aster salwinensis(怒江紫菀)
Aster sampsonii(短舌紫菀)
Aster satsumensis
Aster savatieri
Aster savatieri var. pygmaeus(春壽菊)
Aster scaber(東風菜)
Aster sedifolius
Aster semiamplexicaulis
Aster senecioides(狗舌紫菀)
Aster shastensis
Aster shimadae(島田氏雞兒腸)
Aster sikkimensis(錫金紫菀)
Aster sikuensis(西固紫菀)
Aster sinianus(嶽麓紫菀)
Aster smithianus(甘川紫菀)
Aster sodiroi
Aster souliei(緣毛紫菀)
Aster spathuli-folius(彿頭菊)
Aster sphaerotus(圓耳紫菀)
Aster steeleorum
Aster stracheyi(匍生紫菀)
Aster subulatus(掃帚菊)
Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis(澤掃帚菊)
Aster subulatus var. subulatus(掃帚菊)
Aster sugimotoi
Aster sutchuenensis(四川紫菀)
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Aster tagasagomontanus(山紫菀)
Aster taiwanensis(台灣馬蘭、台灣紫菀)
Aster takasagomontanus(雪山馬蘭)
Aster taliangshanensis(涼山紫菀)
Aster tansaniensis
Aster taoyuenensis(桃園馬蘭)
Aster tarbagatensis
Aster tataricus(紫菀、青菀、紫蒨、返魂草、夜牽牛)
Aster tataricus var. petersianus
Aster tataricus 'Jin-dai'
Aster tataricus '?'(孔雀紫苑)
Aster techinensis(德欽紫菀)
Aster tenuipes
Aster thomsonii
Aster tientschuanensis(天全紫菀)
Aster tolmatschevii
Aster tongolensis(東俄洛紫菀)
Aster tricephalus(三頭紫菀)
Aster trichoneurus(毛脈紫菀)
Aster trinervius(三基脈紫菀、紺菊)
Aster tripolium(海紫菀、金盞菜)
Aster tsarungensis(察瓦龍紫菀)
Aster turbinatus( 陀螺紫菀)
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Aster veitchianus(峨眉紫菀)
Aster velutinosus(氈毛紫菀)
Aster vestitus(密毛紫菀)
Aster viscidulus(山紺菊)
Aster vvedenskyi
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Aster willkommii
Aster woroschilowii
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Aster yakushimensis
Aster yomena(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster yoshinaganus
Aster yunnanensis(雲南紫菀)
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Aster zayuensis
Aster zuluensis
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Aster × dumosus
Aster × frikartii 'Monch'(僧侶疏花紫菀)
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Aster 'Alert'
Aster 'Alma Potschke'
Aster 'Blue Autumn'
Aster 'Kickin' Carmine Red'
Aster 'Kickin' Lilac Blue'
Aster 'Kickin' Pink Chiffon'
Aster 'Professor Kippenburg'
Aster 'Sungal'
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