紫菀

紫菀學名Aster tataricus L. f.，菊科紫菀(雞兒腸、紫苑、馬蘭、狗娃花)屬多年生草本植物，又稱紫倩、紫蒨、紫菀茸、還魂草、返魂草、山白菜、驢夾板菜、驢耳朵菜、日本紫菀、青菀、青牛舌頭花、小辮、夜牽牛，原產於中國，株高一百至一百五十公分，可達一百八十公分，根莖短，鬚根多數，簇生狀，外皮灰褐色，莖直立，上部分枝，表面有溝槽，具基生葉與莖生葉，基生葉叢生，於開花時脫落，莖生葉單葉互生，基生葉篦狀長橢圓形、橢圓狀披針形、長橢圓形，端部鈍，基部漸狹，下延成長翼狀之柄，葉緣銳齒，莖生葉狹長橢圓形、披針形，端部銳尖，常帶小尖頭，中部以下漸狹，縮成一狹長基部，上部葉線形，基生葉長二十至四十公分，寬六至十二公分，莖生葉較狹小，長十八至三十五公分，寬五至十公分，葉面綠、灰綠色，背面較淡，兩面疏生小剛毛，羽狀脈，不具托葉，莖生葉近無柄，單性花、兩性花，頭狀花序，頭花輻射對稱，直徑二十五至三十五公釐，頂生，密集生於莖頂，繖房狀排列，花多數，頭花梗長，梗上密被剛毛，總苞半球形，苞片三列，長圓狀披針形，綠色，微帶紫色，外圍舌狀花是雌花，花萼筒成鬚狀，花冠舌狀，花淡紫、藍紫色，花冠長十五至十八公釐，基部呈管狀，檐部三淺裂，裂片(花瓣)合生，中央管狀花是兩性花，花冠管狀，長約六公釐，花黃色，檐部五齒裂，裂片(花瓣)合生，雄蕊五枚，花藥二室，細長，縱裂，聚合，包圍花柱，雌蕊心皮二枚，合生，花柱一枚，細長，柱頭二叉，子房下位，子房一室，底生胎座，瘦果，圓筒狀，扁平，一側彎曲，長約三公釐，被短毛，果頂具冠毛，冠毛白、淡褐色，較瘦果長三、四倍。

捲舌菊(Symphyotrichum)屬又稱聯毛紫菀屬，屬下諸多品種亦習稱之「紫菀」，與紫菀(Aster)屬不同。

紫菀(Aster)屬常見之品種有：
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Aster ageratoides(山白蘭、三脈紫菀)
Aster ageratoides var. adustus(野粉團兒)
Aster ageratoides var. angustifolius(小紫菀)
Aster ageratoides var. ovatus(野紺菊、紺菊)
Aster aitchisonii
Aster alatipes(翼柄紫菀)
Aster albanicus
Aster albescens(小舌紫菀)
Aster alpinus(高山紫菀)
Aster altaicus(台東鐵桿蒿)
Aster amellus(雅美紫菀)
Aster ananthocladus
Aster andicola
Aster andohahelensis
Aster aragonensis
Aster arenosus
Aster argyropholis(銀鱗紫菀)
Aster asa-grayi(華南狗娃花、磯野菊)
Aster asteroides(星舌紫菀)
Aster auriculatus(耳葉紫菀)
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Aster baccharoides(白舌紫菀)
Aster bakerianus
Aster barbatus
Aster barbellatus(髯毛紫菀)
Aster baronii
Aster batangensis(巴塘紫菀)
Aster bietii Franch. 線舌紫菀
Aster bipinnatisectus(重羽紫菀)
Aster blepharophyllus
Aster brachytrichu(短毛紫菀)
Aster brevis(短莖紫菀)
Aster bulleyanus(扁毛紫菀)
Aster blepharophyllus
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Aster carolinianus
Aster chimanimaniensis(清水馬蘭)
Aster colchicus
Aster comptonii
Aster confertifolius
Aster creticus
Aster curtus
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Aster diplostephioides(重冠紫菀)
Aster dolichophyllus(長葉紫菀)
Aster dolichopodus(長梗紫菀)
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Aster erucifolius
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Aster falcifolius(鐮葉紫菀)
Aster falconeri
Aster fanjingshanicus
Aster farreri(狹苞紫菀)
Aster fastigiatus(女菀)
Aster filipes
Aster flaccidus(萎軟紫菀)
Aster formosanus(台灣山白蘭、台岩紫菀)
Aster frutescens
Aster fulgidulus(輝葉紫菀)
Aster fuscescens(褐毛紫菀)
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Aster giraldii(秦中紫菀)
Aster glehnii(胡麻菜)
Aster gracilicaulis(細莖紫菀)
Aster grisebachii
Aster gymnocephalus
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Aster handelii(紅冠紫菀)
Aster harveyanus
Aster hayatae
Aster heliopsis
Aster hersileoides(橫斜紫菀)
Aster heterolepis(異苞紫菀)
Aster himalaicus(須彌紫菀)
Aster hispidus(狗娃花)
Aster hololachnus(全茸紫菀)
Aster homochlamydeus(等苞紫菀)
Aster hunanensis(湖南紫菀)
Aster hypoleucus(白背紫菀)
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Aster iinumae(柚香菊)
Aster incisa(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster incisa 'Blue Star'
Aster indamellus(葉苞紫菀)
Aster indicus(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster indicus 'Blue Star'(藍星馬蘭)
Aster intricatus
Aster ionoglossus(堇舌紫菀)
Aster itsunboshi(大武山紫菀、大埔紫菀)
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Aster jeffreyanus(滇西北紫菀)
Aster juchaihu
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Aster kantoensis
Aster koraiensis
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Aster laevigatus
Aster laka
Aster langaoensis
Aster lanuginosus(棉毛紫菀)
Aster lasiocladus(絨山白蘭)
Aster latibracteatus(寬苞紫菀)
Aster lavanduliifolius(線葉紫菀)
Aster leiophyllus(白花馬蘭)
Aster likiangensis(麗江紫菀)
Aster limosus(濕生紫菀)
Aster lingulatus(舌葉紫菀)
Aster linosyris(麻菀)
Aster lipskyi(青海紫菀)
Aster luzonensis
Aster lydenburgensis
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Aster maackii(圓苞紫菀)
Aster madagascariensis
Aster magnus
Aster mandrarensis
Aster mangshanensis(莽山紫菀)
Aster megalanthus(大花紫菀)
Aster menelii(黔中紫菀)
Aster microcephalus
Aster milanjiensis
Aster miyagii
Aster molliusculus(軟毛紫菀)
Aster morrisonensis(玉山紫菀、玉山鐵桿蒿)
Aster motuoensis
Aster moupinsensis(鄂紫菀)
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Aster neo-elegans(新雅紫菀)
Aster nigromontanus(黑山紫菀)
Aster nitidus
Aster novae-angliae
Aster novae-angliae 'Purple Dome'
Aster novi-belgii(友禪菊)
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Aster oblongifolius
Aster oldhamii(台灣狗娃花)
Aster oleifolius
Aster oreophilus(石生紫菀)
Aster ovalifolius(台灣紺菊、卵葉紫菀)
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Aster panduratus(琴葉紫菀)
Aster patulus
Aster peduncularis
Aster peglerae
Aster perfoliatus
Aster philippinensis
Aster platylepis
Aster pleiocephalus
Aster poliothamnus(灰枝紫菀)
Aster polius(灰毛紫菀)
Aster prainii(厚棉紫菀)
Aster prorerus(高莖紫菀)
Aster pseudobakerianus
Aster pseudo-Asa-Grayi Mak(磯寒菊)
Aster pubentior
Aster punctatus
Aster pycnophyllus(密葉紫菀)
Aster pyrenaeus
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Aster quitensis
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Aster retusus(凹葉紫菀)
Aster riparius
Aster rockianus(騰越紫菀)
Aster rugulosus(澤白菊)
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Aster saboureaui
Aster salwinensis(怒江紫菀)
Aster sampsonii(短舌紫菀)
Aster satsumensis
Aster savatieri
Aster savatieri var. pygmaeus(春壽菊)
Aster scaber(東風菜)
Aster sedifolius
Aster semiamplexicaulis
Aster senecioides(狗舌紫菀)
Aster shastensis
Aster shimadae(島田氏雞兒腸)
Aster sikkimensis(錫金紫菀)
Aster sikuensis(西固紫菀)
Aster sinianus(嶽麓紫菀)
Aster smithianus(甘川紫菀)
Aster sodiroi
Aster souliei(緣毛紫菀)
Aster spathuli-folius(彿頭菊)
Aster sphaerotus(圓耳紫菀)
Aster steeleorum
Aster stracheyi(匍生紫菀)
Aster subulatus(掃帚菊)
Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis(澤掃帚菊)
Aster subulatus var. subulatus(掃帚菊)
Aster sugimotoi
Aster sutchuenensis(四川紫菀)
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Aster tagasagomontanus(山紫菀)
Aster taiwanensis(台灣馬蘭、台灣紫菀)
Aster takasagomontanus(雪山馬蘭)
Aster taliangshanensis(涼山紫菀)
Aster tansaniensis
Aster taoyuenensis(桃園馬蘭)
Aster tarbagatensis
Aster tataricus(紫菀、青菀、紫蒨、返魂草、夜牽牛)
Aster tataricus var. petersianus
Aster tataricus 'Jin-dai'
Aster tataricus '?'(孔雀紫苑)
Aster techinensis(德欽紫菀)
Aster tenuipes
Aster thomsonii
Aster tientschuanensis(天全紫菀)
Aster tolmatschevii
Aster tongolensis(東俄洛紫菀)
Aster tricephalus(三頭紫菀)
Aster trichoneurus(毛脈紫菀)
Aster trinervius(三基脈紫菀、紺菊)
Aster tripolium(海紫菀、金盞菜)
Aster tsarungensis(察瓦龍紫菀)
Aster turbinatus( 陀螺紫菀)
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Aster veitchianus(峨眉紫菀)
Aster velutinosus(氈毛紫菀)
Aster vestitus(密毛紫菀)
Aster viscidulus(山紺菊)
Aster vvedenskyi
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Aster willkommii
Aster woroschilowii
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Aster yakushimensis
Aster yomena(馬蘭、雞兒腸)
Aster yoshinaganus
Aster yunnanensis(雲南紫菀)
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Aster zayuensis
Aster zuluensis
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Aster × dumosus
Aster × frikartii 'Monch'(僧侶疏花紫菀)
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Aster 'Alert'
Aster 'Alma Potschke'
Aster 'Blue Autumn'
Aster 'Kickin' Carmine Red'
Aster 'Kickin' Lilac Blue'
Aster 'Kickin' Pink Chiffon'
Aster 'Professor Kippenburg'
Aster 'Sungal'
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