山檳榔

山檳榔學名Pinanga tashiroi Hayata、Pinanga bavensis Beccari、Pseudopinanga tashiroi (Hayata) Burret.，英文名Wild Pinanga Palm，棕櫚(檳榔)科檳榔亞科山檳榔屬喬木植物，又稱蘭嶼檳榔、蘭嶼山檳榔，原產於台灣，分布於蘭嶼近溪谷或濕山坡，株高可達五公尺，徑約二十公分，莖幹通直，不分枝，基部膨大，葉脫落後形成明顯環紋，中部以上青綠色，葉互生，叢生於莖頂端，拱彎，羽狀全裂(羽狀複葉)，裂片(羽片、小葉)披針狀線形、線形，端部裂片(羽片、小葉)癒合，有不規則分裂，端部銳尖、長尾尖，基部狹狀下延，裂片(羽片、小葉)全緣，葉大型，葉長一百三十至一百八十公分，裂片(羽片、小葉)長三十至六十公分，寬二至五公分，葉面綠、深綠色，光滑，裂片(羽片、小葉)近平行脈，中肋明顯，葉鞘圓筒狀，包圍幼幹，無托葉，葉軸三稜形，葉軸拱狀，外翻下垂，葉柄橫斷面三稜形，單性花，雌雄同株，肉穗花序，下垂，腋生，著生於最下一葉之葉基部，花序多分枝，呈穗狀花序，下垂，無花梗，苞片佛燄苞狀，長倒卵形，長約四十公分，光滑，下垂狀，雄花著生於分枝上部，雄花較小，多數，花被筒形，花乳白色，被片六枚，二輪，外輪被片(花萼)三枚，長圓狀卵形，內輪被片(花瓣)三枚，卵形、廣卵形，鑷合狀，完全雄蕊多數，約三十六至四十二枚，花絲短小，花藥基著，退化雌蕊三枚，絲狀，雌花著生於花序軸或分枝基部，雌花較大而少，筒形，花乳白色，被片六枚，二輪，外輪被片(花萼)三枚，長圓狀卵形，長二、三公分，內輪被片(花瓣)三枚，鑷合狀，卵形、廣卵形，雌蕊心皮三枚，離生或基部合生，花柱短狀，柱頭三裂，子房上位，子房一室，中軸胎座或邊緣胎座，胚珠一枚，核果，漿果狀，卵圓形、長圓形，熟時深紫色，花被宿存，種子一枚。

山檳榔(Pinanga)屬常見之品種有：
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Pinanga acaulis
Pinanga acuminata(緬甸山檳榔、滇緬山檳榔)
Pinanga adangensis
Pinanga albescens
Pinanga andamanensis
Pinanga angustisecta
Pinanga annamensis
Pinanga arinasae
Pinanga aristata
Pinanga arundinacea
Pinanga auriculata var. auriculata
Pinanga auriculata var. leucocarpa
Pinanga auriculata var. merguensis
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Pinanga badia
Pinanga basilanensis
Pinanga batanensis
Pinanga baviensis((變色山檳榔))
Pinanga bicolana
Pinanga borneensis
Pinanga brevipes
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Pinanga caesia
Pinanga capitata var. capitata
Pinanga capitata var. divaricata
Pinanga cattienensis
Pinanga celebica
Pinanga chaiana
Pinanga cleistantha
Pinanga copelandii
Pinanga coronata(美冠山檳榔、亞山檳榔、顧氏山檳榔、寬葉山檳榔)
Pinanga crassipes(斑點山檳榔)
Pinanga cucullata
Pinanga cupularis
Pinanga curranii
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Pinanga declinata
Pinanga decora
Pinanga densiflora
Pinanga dicksonii
Pinanga discolor(變色山檳榔)
Pinanga disticha
Pinanga dumetosa
Pinanga duperreana
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Pinanga egregia
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Pinanga forbesii
Pinanga fractiflexa
Pinanga furfuracea
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Pinanga geonomiformis
Pinanga glauca
Pinanga glaucifolia
Pinanga globulifera
Pinanga gracilis(纖細山檳榔)
Pinanga gracillima
Pinanga grandijuga
Pinanga grandis
Pinanga griffithii
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Pinanga heterophylla
Pinanga hexasticha
Pinanga hookeriana
Pinanga humilis
Pinanga hymenospatha
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Pinanga inaequalis
Pinanga insignis
Pinanga isabelensis
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Pinanga jamariensis
Pinanga jambusana
Pinanga javana
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Pinanga johorensis
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Pinanga keahii
Pinanga kontumensis
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Pinanga lacei
Pinanga latisecta
Pinanga lepidota
Pinanga ligulata
Pinanga limbangensis
Pinanga limosa var. limosa
Pinanga limosa var. montana
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Pinanga macrospadix
Pinanga maculata
Pinanga malaiana
Pinanga manii
Pinanga megalocarpa
Pinanga micholitzii
Pinanga minor
Pinanga minuta
Pinanga mirabilis
Pinanga modesta
Pinanga mooreana
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Pinanga negrosensis
Pinanga nuichuensis
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Pinanga pachycarpa
Pinanga pachyphylla
Pinanga palustris
Pinanga pantiensis
Pinanga paradoxa var. paradoxa
Pinanga paradoxa var. unicostata
Pinanga parvula
Pinanga patula
Pinanga pectinata
Pinanga perakensis
Pinanga philippinensis
Pinanga pilosa
Pinanga plicata
Pinanga polymorpha
Pinanga porrecta
Pinanga pulchella
Pinanga purpurea
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Pinanga quadrijuga
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Pinanga ridleyana
Pinanga rigida
Pinanga riparia
Pinanga rivularis
Pinanga rumphiana
Pinanga rupestris
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Pinanga salicifolia(大山檳榔)
Pinanga samarana
Pinanga sarmentosa
Pinanga sclerophylla
Pinanga scortechinii
Pinanga sessilifolia
Pinanga sibuyanensis
Pinanga sierramadreana
Pinanga simplicifrons var. pinnata
Pinanga simplicifrons var. simplicifrons
Pinanga singaporensis
Pinanga sinii(燕尾山檳榔)
Pinanga sobolifera
Pinanga speciosa
Pinanga stricta
Pinanga stylosa
Pinanga subintegra var. beccariana
Pinanga subintegra var. intermedia
Pinanga subintegra var. multifida
Pinanga subintegra var. subintegra
Pinanga subruminata
Pinanga sylvestris(華山檳榔、華山竹)
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Pinanga tashiroi(蘭嶼山檳榔、山檳榔)
Pinanga tenacinervis
Pinanga tenella var. tenella
Pinanga tenella var. tenuissima
Pinanga tomentella
Pinanga trichoneura
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Pinanga uncinata
Pinanga urdanetensis
Pinanga urosperma
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Pinanga variegata var. hallieriana
Pinanga variegata var. variegata
Pinanga veitchii
Pinanga versicolor
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Pinanga watanaiana
Pinanga woodiana
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Pinanga yassinii
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棕櫚科三大類之分別方法：
1.椰子類：葉子像羽毛的羽狀複葉，葉基部的葉柄常延展而變成刀鞘的形狀(葉鞘)，葉鞘層層包裹形成光滑的段落，長於枝幹的頂部，有些種類葉鞘的肉質部分退化，只剩下較硬的纖維就成了棕蓑。
2.海棗類：葉子基部不形成鞘狀，羽狀複葉直接插在莖的頂端，複葉基部的小葉常變成針刺，葉脫落後在幹上留下一塊塊殘餘的葉柄，這一類稱為海棗類。
3.棕櫚類：葉子長的像手掌(掌狀葉)。