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2024年7月20日 星期六

黃槐

黃槐學名Senna sulfurea (Collad.) Irwin & Barneby、Cassia arborescens Vahl、Cassia enneaphylla Wight & Arn.、Cassia glauca Lam.、Cassia petropolitana Glaz.、Cassia sulfurea Collad.、Cassia surattensis auct.、Cassia surattensis subsp. glauca (Lam.) K. Larsen & S. S. Larsen、Senna arborescens (Vahl) Roxb.、Wellia tagera Rheede,英文名Glaucous Cassia、Glossyshower Senna、Sunshine Tree,豆科蘇木亞科決明(黃槐、旃那、番瀉決明)屬落葉性灌木至小喬木植物,又稱槐、豆槐、雙莢槐、雙莢決明、粉葉決明、腊腸子樹、金藥樹、金鳳樹、金鳳、黃槐花,原產於印度、斯里蘭卡、澳洲、波里尼西亞,樹高三至七公尺,樹皮灰白、灰褐色,常有龜裂栓皮層剝落現象,具多數分枝,小枝細長,有肋條,直立或斜上昇,少數呈水平狀生長,近光滑無毛,嫩枝被剛毛,葉互生,一回偶數羽狀複葉,小葉四至九對,小葉長卵形、長橢圓形、卵形,端部鈍或微凹,基部圓鈍狀,全緣葉,葉長十至十五公分,小葉長二、三公分,寬一、二公分,葉紙質,葉面綠色,平滑,幼嫩感,葉背粉白綠、粉白色,常被毛,羽狀脈,側脈四至六對,葉入夜後有閉合現象,呈棍棒狀,托葉一對,托葉早落,葉柄長,第二至四下位小葉間有一腺體,腺體綠色,具小葉葉柄,兩性花,常週位花,總狀花序,常集成繖房花序狀,腋生,生於枝條頂端之葉腋間,花序長八至十五公分,有柔毛,常十至二十枚聚集,花梗細長,長二至四公分,苞片卵狀長圓形,反捲,外被微柔毛,花後多殘存,花萼筒形,端部深五裂,覆瓦狀排列,裂片(萼片)長橢圓形、卵圓形,大小不等,通常長約十二公釐,寬四至六公分,先端鈍狀,花冠蝶形,徑約三公分,花鮮黃、金黃色,花瓣五枚,覆瓦狀排列,卵形、倒卵形、長橢圓形,長十五至二十公釐,先端鈍,離生,具柄,雄蕊十枚,能育,離生, 全具藥,花藥相近,雌蕊心皮一枚,柱頭頭狀,子房上位,子房一室,邊緣胎座,莢果,帶狀,長七至十二公分,寬約十五公釐公分,扁平,直或微曲,熟時開裂,種子六至十二枚,有光澤,熟後黑褐色。

「黃槐」與「金葉黃槐」的差異判斷:「金葉黃槐」植株較矮小,多分枝,叢狀,葉緣有金黃色條紋,兩者果形不太相似。

「決明屬」種檢索表:
A.葉柄及小葉軸皆不具腺體。-----★鐵刀木
A.葉柄及小葉軸其一具腺體。
▁B.葉柄具腺體。
▁▁C.植株密被粗毛。-----★毛決明
▁▁C.植株近無毛。
▁▁▁D.莢果圓柱形。-----★大花黃槐
▁▁▁D.莢果扁平。-----★望江南
▁B.小葉軸具腺體。
▁▁C.小葉4-6對。-----★黃槐
▁▁C.小葉3對。-----★決明

常見決明(Senna)屬的品種有:
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Senna acclinis
Senna aciphylla
Senna acillaris
Senna aculeata
Senna acutifolia(亞歷山大決明)
Senna agnes(神黃豆)
Senna alata(翅果鐵刀木、翅莢決明、翼柄決明)
Senna alexandrina(旃那)
Senna angulata
Senna aphylla
Senna appendiculata
Senna armata
Senna artemisioides
Senna atomaria
Senna auriculata(耳葉決明、麻榻勒茶)
Senna aversiflora
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Senna bakeriana(花旗木)
Senna bauhinioides
Senna bicapsularis(金葉黃槐)
Senna bicapsularis 'California Gold'
Senna bicapsularis 'Worley's Butter Cream'
Senna birostris
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Senna calycioides
Senna cana
Senna candolleana
Senna cobanensis
Senna confinis
Senna coronilloides
Senna corymbosa(繖房決明)
Senna costata
Senna covesii
Senna cumingii
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Senna didymobotrya(長穗決明、複總望江南)
Senna didymobotrya 'Popcorn Cassia'
Senna durangensis
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Senna fistula(阿勃勒、豬腸豆、臘腸樹)
Senna floribunda(大花黃槐)
Senna fruticosa(大葉決明、四葉黃槐)
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Senna gardneri
Senna gaudichaudii
Senna glauca(粉葉決明)
Senna glutinosa
Senna grandis(紅花鐵刀木)
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Senna hebecarpa
Senna hirsuta(毛決明、毛莢決明)
Senna holosericea
Senna holwayana
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Senna italica
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Senna javanica(爪哇旃那、節莢決明、粉花決明)
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Senna latifolia
Senna leptophylla(狹葉決明)
Senna leschenaultiana(大葉山扁豆、短葉決明)
Senna ligustrina
Senna lindheimeriana
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Senna macranthera
Senna marilandica
Senna martiana
Senna mexicana
Senna mimosoides(山扁豆、含羞草決明)
Senna mollissima
Senna multiglandulosa
Senna multijuga(密葉決明、小葉黃槐)
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Senna nicaraguensis
Senna nitida
Senna nodosa(節果決明)
Senna nomame(豆茶決明)
Senna notabilis
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Senna obtusifolia(草決明)
Senna occidentalis(望江南)
Senna odorata
Senna oxyphylla
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Senna pallida
Senna pendula
Senna petersiana
Senna pilifera
Senna pinheiroi
Senna planitiicola
Senna pleurocarpa
Senna podocarpa(羅漢決明)
Senna polyantha
Senna polyphylla(沙漠黃槐)
Senna pumila(柄腺山扁豆)
Senna purpurea
Senna purpusii
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Senna quinquangulata
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Senna racemosa
Senna reniformis
Senna reticulata
Senna roemeriana
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Senna septemtrionalis
Senna siamea(鐵刀木)
Senna silvestris
Senna singueana
Senna sophera(茳芒決明、槐葉決明)
Senna spectabilis(美麗決明)
Senna splendida
Senna stipulacea
Senna sulfurea(黃槐、黃槐決明)
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Senna tapajozensis
Senna timoriensis(帝汶決明)
Senna tora(決明、小決明)
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Senna undulata
Senna uniflora
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Senna velutina
Senna venusta
Senna versicolor
Senna viarum
Senna viminea
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Senna wislizeni
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Senna × floribunda(大花黃槐)
Senna × nealiae(彩虹阿勃勒)
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Senna 'Species'
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