茶匙黃

茶匙黃學名Viola diffusa Ging.、Viola verecunda A. Gray forma radicans Makino，英文名Climbing Violet，菫菜(堇菜)科堇菜(菫菜)屬多年生草本植物，又稱茶匙癀、七星蓮、提膿草、蔓莖菫菜、鋪地菫，原產於喜馬拉雅山、中國南部、台灣、日本、琉球、菲律賓、新幾內亞、中南半島、印度，根莖短或較細長，匍匐枝伸長或近伸長，被粗毛或短柔毛，先端能生根與叢生葉片，根生葉(基生葉)叢生，密生呈蓮座狀，莖生葉單葉互生，葉卵形、橢圓狀卵形，端部鈍、圓狀、微尖形，基部截斷狀、楔形，偶淺心形，葉緣鈍齒至鋸齒狀鈍齒，常延伸至葉柄，葉長約十五至六十五公釐，寬約十五至三十五公釐，葉紙質，葉兩面綠色，有毛茸，掌狀脈，於兩面凸起，次脈羽狀，不明顯，托葉葉狀，披針形、線形、闊披針形，先端銳尖至漸尖，基部離生，葉柄長二至六公分，被毛，有明顯之翼，邊緣為毛緣至有鈍鋸齒緣，宿存， 兩性花，週位花，花單出，花梗細長，光滑或略有毛茸，具花托筒，小苞片二枚，萼片五枚，狹卵形至闊披針形，覆瓦狀排列，先端漸尖至銳形，具流蘇狀緣毛，附屬物圓短，邊緣有細絲毛緣，花萼宿存，花冠蝶形，左右對稱，花白、藍至淡紫色，花瓣四、五枚，倒卵形，光滑，先端圓或鈍，側位花瓣有鬚毛，唇瓣最小，長橢圓形至橢圓形，暗藍色或近暗藍色，具紫紅色細線，先端尖狀，基部花瓣具距，花距短，約二公釐，距之先端圓鈍，雄蕊五枚，環生雌蕊，下方二枚基部具腺體，花藥二室，雌蕊心皮三枚，合生，花柱明顯，棍棒狀，基部有關節，先端有二枚側生裂片，子房上位，子房一室，側膜胎座，蒴果，橢圓形至倒卵形，長約六公釐，長度超過萼片，鈍頭，光滑無毛，種子倒卵形、闊倒卵形，長約一公釐，淡褐色，有光澤，光滑無毛。

「堇」與「菫」二字，《異體字字典》說「菫」字是「堇」字之異體字，《漢典》說「菫」是訛字，《國語辭典》捨正體字而就異體字，各家說法不一，故「堇」與「菫」應均可採用。

「菫菜屬」種檢索表：
A.花黃色(葉腎形至闊卵形，先端圓或鈍，生長於高海拔)。…■雙黃花菫菜
A.花紫紅色或白色。
▁B.植物體無莖或走莖，托葉一半以上與葉柄合生。
▁▁C.托葉不足2/3部份與葉柄合生，地下莖長，具節(葉三角狀卵形)。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁C.托葉超過3/4部份與葉柄合生，地下莖粗短。
▁▁▁D.根暗褐色。…■紫花地丁
▁▁▁D.根白色或淡黃褐色。
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距細長，長2.5-6mm。…■短毛菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花瓣距短，僅長達3.5mm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基楔形、平截或略鈍形，前半部疏圓齒緣。…■箭葉菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉基心形至心形狀平截形，前半部圓齒緣。…■小菫菜
▁B.植物體具莖或走莖。
▁▁C.葉柄具翼(基部中央花瓣最短，先端銳尖或具小突尖)。
▁▁▁D.植物體具莖及走莖，花直徑小於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉基楔形或淺心形。…■茶匙黃
▁▁▁▁E.葉基心形。…■心葉茶匙黃
▁▁▁D.植物體無莖，花直徑大於1.5cm。
▁▁▁▁E.葉卵形。…■台北菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.葉三角狀卵形。…■普萊氏菫菜
▁▁C.葉柄無翼。
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端平截平或凹。
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑小於1.5cm。…■如意草
▁▁▁▁E.花直徑大於2cm。
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距細長，長於4mm，底部中央花瓣片最長(其先端凹)。
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉圓形圓心形，先端圓或鈍。…■台灣菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁▁G.葉心形，先端銳尖。…■川上氏菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.花距圓短，短於2mm，底部中央花瓣片最短(其先端平截或凹)。…■喜岩菫菜
▁▁▁D.基部中央花瓣先端圓或鈍。
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端具乳狀突起，果球形。…■新竹菫菜
▁▁▁▁E.花柱先端平滑，果橢圓形。
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉心形，常近圓形。…■紫花菫菜
▁▁▁▁▁F.葉三角狀卵形。…■翠峰菫菜

堇菜(Viola)屬常見之品種有：
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Viola adenothrix(喜岩菫菜)
Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis(雪山菫菜、柔毛菫菜)
Viola adunca
Viola arcuata(如意草、匐菫菜)
Viola arvensis(野生菫菜)
Viola banksii(=Viola hederacea)(腎葉菫、常春藤葉堇菜)
Viola banksii 'Baby Blue'
Viola banksii 'Blue Form'
Viola banksii 'White Glory'
Viola betonicifolia(箭葉菫菜)
Viola biflora(雙黃花菫菜)
Viola brittoniana
Viola bubanii
Viola canadensis
Viola confusa(短毛菫菜、菲律賓菫菜)
Viola cornuta(角堇菜、角堇、三色角堇花)
Viola diffusa(茶匙黃)
Viola dubyana
Viola elatior
Viola formosana(台灣菫菜)
Viola formosana var. stenopetala(川上氏菫菜)
Viola grypoceras(紫花菫菜)
Viola grypoceras var. exilis 'Sylettas'
Viola hirta
Viola inconspicua(小菫菜)
Viola jooi
Viola koreana
Viola koreana 'Mars'
Viola kwangtungensis(廣東菫菜)
Viola labradorica
Viola lanceolata
Viola macloskeyi
Viola mandshurica(紫花地丁、光瓣堇菜)
Viola mandshurica 'Fuji Dawn'
Viola nagasawai
Viola nagasawai var. nagasawai(台北菫菜)
Viola nagasawai var. pricei(普萊氏菫菜)
Viola nuttallii
Viola obtusa
Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis(翠峰菫菜)
Viola odorata(香堇菜)
Viola odorata 'Alba'
Viola odorata 'Blue-Violet'
Viola odorata 'Queen Charlotte'
Viola odorata 'Sulphurea'
Viola orbiculata
Viola pedata
Viola pedata var. bicolor
Viola pedata 'Eco Artist Palette'
Viola praemorsa
Viola pubescens
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Viola rotundifolia
Viola sagittata
Viola senzanensis(尖山菫菜)
Viola septemloba
Viola septemloba var. egglestonii
Viola shinchikuensis(新竹菫菜)
Viola sororia(藍菫菜、歐洲香堇菜)
Viola sororia 'Albiflora'
Viola sororia 'Alice Witter'
Viola sororia 'Freckles'
Viola sororia 'Priceana'
Viola sororia 'Red Giant'
Viola tenuis(心葉茶匙黃)
Viola tricolor(三色堇)
Viola tricolor 'Mixed Hybrids'
Viola triloba
Viola trinervata
Viola verecunda(菫菜)
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Viola × cornuta(小花三色堇)
Viola × cornuta 'Alba Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Bowles Black'
Viola × cornuta 'Halo Violet'
Viola × cornuta 'Honeybee'
Viola × cornuta 'King Henry'
Viola × cornuta 'Marina'
Viola × cornuta 'Minor'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny'(小錢幣)
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Azure Wing'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Clear Yellow'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Lane Mixed'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Orange'
Viola × cornuta 'Penny Red Blotch'
Viola × cornuta 'Phantom'
Viola × cornuta 'Pierrot'
Viola × cornuta 'Shangri-La'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy'
Viola × cornuta 'Skippy XL'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet'
Viola × cornuta 'Sorbet XP'
Viola × cornuta 'Valentine'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria Cawthorne'
Viola × cornuta 'Victoria's Blush'
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Viola × williamsii(小花三色堇)
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Viola × wittrockiana(大花三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Black Jack'(黑傑克三色堇)
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Orange Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Neon'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Rose'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta True Blue'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Clear Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Deep Blue w/Blotch'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Dynamite Purple'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Delta Fire'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Fizzy Lemonberry'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Helen Mount'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Imperial Antique Shades'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Jolly Joker'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Historic Pansies Mixture'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Pandora's Box'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Swiss Giant Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Ultima Impressions Mix'
Viola × wittrockiana 'Whiskers Yellow'
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Viola 'Angel Jester Mixed'
Viola 'Comte de Brazza'
Viola 'Dancing Geisha'
Viola 'De Toulouse'
Viola 'd' Udine'
Viola 'Dutchess de Parme'
Viola 'Eye of the Tiger'
Viola 'Frosted Chocolate'
Viola 'Heartthrob'
Viola 'Marie Louise'
Viola 'Silver Samurai'
Viola 'Sorbet Lemon Chiffon'
Viola 'Variegata'
Viola 'Velour Frosted Chocolate'
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