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2024年5月7日 星期二

香妃無花果

香妃無花果學名Ficus carica cv.,桑科榕(榕樹、無花果)屬落葉灌木或小喬木植物,又稱東川無花果、東川香妃無花果、東川蜜汁無花果、豐產黃無花果、紅品無花果,農業栽培種,株高三至十公尺,具乳汁,樹皮灰褐色,皮孔明顯,多分枝,枝條肉質,扭曲,小枝直立,粗壯,嫩枝被短毛,單葉互生,葉廣卵圓形、倒卵形、近圓形,長寬近相等,常三至五裂,偶不分裂,裂片常卵形、倒卵形,裂端鈍,基部淺心形,葉緣具不規則鈍鋸齒或波狀緣,葉大型,葉長十至二十公分,葉面綠、灰綠色,表面粗糙,葉面光滑無毛或被細茸毛,葉背面密生細小鐘乳體與灰色短柔毛,掌狀脈,基出(基生側脈)三至五脈,次脈羽狀,側脈五至七對,托葉卵狀披針形,長約一公分,紅色,葉柄長約二至五公分,粗壯,單性花,雌雄同株或雌雄異株,花五型,有雄花、雌花、蟲癭花、假兩性花、中性花,隱花果花序(隱頭花序),腋生,單生於葉腋間,著生於中空肉質花托內壁,花梗細長,頂生苞片三角狀、卵形,基生苞片三枚,卵形、卵狀三角形,雄花花被合生管狀,雄花生於花托近口處之苞片間(內壁口部),花綠白、白色,花被片四、五枚,線形,雄蕊一至五枚,絲狀,蜿曲,與花被對生,具退化雌蕊,可見退化子房與花柱,蟲癭花外形如雌花,有柄或近無柄,花被四枚,花柱側生,短,較雌花短,柱頭擴張如喇叭狀或為截形,具不孕子房,子房光滑,球形至斜卵形,雄花與蟲癭花生長同一花托內(榕果內壁),假兩性花類似蟲癭花構造,並多具雄蕊一枚,中性花僅具數枚匙狀之花被片,雌花生長於另一花托內,雌花具短柄,花被與雄花同,花被合生管狀,花白、綠白色,花被片四、五枚,廣線形,花柱側生,一、二枚,較蟲癭花花柱長,雌花心皮二枚,合生,花柱一、二枚,纖細,側生,偏斜絲狀,柱頭膨大,二裂,線形,子房橢圓形、卵圓形,與花被等長,光滑,子房上位,子房一、二室,頂生胎座,瘦果,卵形、透鏡狀,細小,包於隱花果內,聚花果,隱花果,單生,生於葉腋,倒卵形、梨形、三稜狀卵形,熟時果皮青紅色,果肉紅色,頂部下陷,由頂端開裂,總梗長,胚彎曲,胚乳豐富。

無花果學名Ficus carica Linn.、Ficus albescens Miq.、Ficus burdigalensis Poit. & Turpin、Ficus caprificus Risso、Ficus colchica Grossh.、Ficus colombra Gasp.、Ficus deliciosa Gasp.、Ficus dottata Gasp.、Ficus hypoleuca Gasp.、Ficus hyrcana Grossh.、Caprificus insectifera Gasp.、Ficus kopetdagensis Pachom.、Caprificus leucocarpa Gasp.、Ficus neapolitana Miq.、Caprificus oblongata Gasp.、Ficus pachycarpa Gasp.、Caprificus pedunculata (Miq.) Gasp.、Ficus polymorpha Gasp.、Ficus praecox Gasp.、Ficus regina Miq.、Caprificus rugosa (Miq.) Gasp.、Ficus silvestris Risso、Caprificus sphaerocarpa Gasp.,英文名Fig-tree、Edible Fig、Common Fig,桑科榕(榕樹、無花果)屬落葉灌木或小喬木植物,又稱蜜果、映日果、文冠果、奶漿果、文仙果、文先果、品先果、不老長壽水果、美蓉果、優曇鉢、阿駔、底珍樹,原產於阿拉伯、小亞細亞、地中海沿岸,株高三至十公尺,具乳汁,樹皮灰褐色,皮孔明顯,多分枝,枝條肉質,扭曲,小枝直立,粗壯,嫩枝被短毛,單葉互生,葉廣卵圓形、倒卵形、近圓形,長寬近相等,常三至五裂,偶不分裂,裂片常卵形、倒卵形,裂端鈍,基部淺心形,葉緣具不規則鈍鋸齒或波狀緣,葉大型,葉長十至二十公分,葉面綠、灰綠色,表面粗糙,葉面光滑無毛或被細茸毛,葉背面密生細小鐘乳體與灰色短柔毛,掌狀脈,基出(基生側脈)三至五脈,次脈羽狀,側脈五至七對,托葉卵狀披針形,長約一公分,紅色,葉柄長約二至五公分,粗壯,單性花,雌雄同株或雌雄異株,花五型,有雄花、雌花、蟲癭花、假兩性花、中性花,隱花果花序(隱頭花序),腋生,單生於葉腋間,著生於中空肉質花托內壁,花梗細長,頂生苞片三角狀、卵形,基生苞片三枚,卵形、卵狀三角形,雄花花被合生管狀,雄花生於花托近口處之苞片間(內壁口部),花綠白、白色,花被片四、五枚,線形,雄蕊一至五枚,絲狀,蜿曲,與花被對生,具退化雌蕊,可見退化子房與花柱,蟲癭花外形如雌花,有柄或近無柄,花被四枚,花柱側生,短,較雌花短,柱頭擴張如喇叭狀或為截形,具不孕子房,子房光滑,球形至斜卵形,雄花與蟲癭花生長同一花托內(榕果內壁),假兩性花類似蟲癭花構造,並多具雄蕊一枚,中性花僅具數枚匙狀之花被片,雌花生長於另一花托內,雌花具短柄,花被與雄花同,花被合生管狀,花白、綠白色,花被片四、五枚,廣線形,花柱側生,一、二枚,較蟲癭花花柱長,雌花心皮二枚,合生,花柱一、二枚,纖細,側生,偏斜絲狀,柱頭膨大,二裂,線形,子房橢圓形、卵圓形,與花被等長,光滑,子房上位,子房一、二室,頂生胎座,瘦果,卵形、透鏡狀,細小,包於隱花果內,聚花果,隱花果,單生,生於葉腋,倒卵形、梨形、三稜狀卵形,長約五至八公分,徑約三至五公分,初為黃、黃綠色,熟時紫紅、黃、褐青、暗紫色,帶斑點,頂部下陷,由頂端開裂,總梗長,胚彎曲,胚乳豐富。

無花果依品種特性有四大類:卡普利系(the Capri fig)、斯密爾那系(the Smyrna fig)、山貝卓系(the San Pedro fig)、普通系(the common fig),普通系為全雌花,不用授粉,適合台灣種植,其它三大類結果須依無花果蜂(Blastophaga psenes)授粉。

無花果(Ficus carica)常見之園藝品種有:
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Ficus carica 'Alma'
Ficus carica 'Any'
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Ficus carica 'Banane'(香蕉無花果、芭勞奈無花果、芭勞內無花果、大芭無花果)
Ficus carica 'Bizzaria Di Sori'(條紋西瓜無花果)
Ficus carica 'Black Jack'(黑傑克無花果)
Ficus carica 'Black Mission'
Ficus carica 'Brown Turkey'
Ficus carica 'Brunswick'
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Ficus carica 'California Black Mission'(加州黑無花果、黑色使命無花果)
Ficus carica 'Celeste'
Ficus carica 'Chicago Hardy'
Ficus carica 'Conadria'
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Ficus carica 'Desert King'(沙漠王無花果)
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Ficus carica 'Fannick's Blue Giant'
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Ficus carica 'Genoa'
Ficus carica 'Green Ischia'
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Ficus carica 'Ischia'
Ficus carica 'Italian Honey'
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Ficus carica 'Janice'
Ficus carica 'J. H. Adriatic'
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Ficus carica 'Kadota'
Ficus carica 'King'
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Ficus carica 'LSU Gold'(黃金無花果)
Ficus carica 'LSU Purple'
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Ficus carica 'Magnolia'
Ficus carica 'Masui Dauphine'(瑪斯義陶芬無花果)
Ficus carica 'Mission'
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Ficus carica 'Negronne'
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Ficus carica 'Oregon Honey'
Ficus carica 'Orphan'(金傲芬無花果)
Ficus carica 'Osborn's Prolific'
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Ficus carica 'Panache'(條紋西瓜無花果)
Ficus carica 'Panache Tiger'(條紋西瓜無花果)
Ficus carica 'Premier Figuier'(阿蒂仙之香無花果)
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Ficus carica 'Peter's Honey'
Ficus carica 'Petite Negra'
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Ficus carica 'Sarah Absheron'(莎拉無花果)
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Ficus carica 'Tehran'
Ficus carica 'Texas Everbearing'
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Ficus carica 'Verte'
Ficus carica 'Violette De Bordeaux'
Ficus carica 'Violette Du Bordeaux'
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Ficus carica 'White Adriatic'
Ficus carica 'White Genoa'(白熱亞娜無花果)
Ficus carica 'White Marseilles'
Ficus carica 'White Turkey'
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Ficus carica '?'(東川無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(大果無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(日本紫無花果、日紫無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(焦黑無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(波姬紅無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(斯特拉無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(布蘭瑞克無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(新疆早黃無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(白聖比羅無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(A42無花果、華麗無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(紫色波爾多無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(青皮無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(青皮綠無花果、威海青皮無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(蓬萊柿無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(巧克力無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(大蜜糖妃無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(大金滿堂無花果)
Ficus carica '?'(紅聖果無花果)
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